NCERT Solutions Exploring Society: India and Beyond Chapter 8 –131Textiles and Clothing — LET'S EXPLORE

Book page 130 Updated on2026-09-05

Q1.
In the above pictures, can you recognise what a sari has been used for?
Answer

The six photographs in Fig. 8.4 (pages 130–131, all from south India) each show the sari doing a job that has nothing to do with dressing.

#What the picture showsThe sari is being used as a…
1A red sari knotted to a low branch in an orchard, hanging in a deep loop, with a baby asleep inside itcradle or hammock — the child sleeps in the shade while the mother works nearby
2A woman standing waist-deep in a pond, dragging a stretched orange sari through the waterfishing net — the fine weave traps small fish and prawns
3A woman crossing a field with a heavy brass pot on her head, resting on a thick coil of clothhead-pad — the cloth is twisted into a ring that steadies the pot and cushions the weight
4Two people seen from above pouring grain from a measure into a red sari held stretched opencontainer and sieve — grain is caught, carried and cleaned in the held-out cloth
5A woman in the rain pulling the orange end of her sari up over her head with both handsumbrella — shelter from rain, and on other days from the sun
6A woman lying on the grass in a field, resting her head on a spread checked cloth, cattle grazing behind hermat or bedsheet — a clean place to lie down and rest in the open
Why one garment can do all this: because the sari is unstitched. A stitched dress has one shape and one purpose. Six metres of loose cloth can be knotted, stretched, coiled, held open or spread flat — so it becomes whatever the moment needs. The chapter's larger point is the same: the fewer the fixed rules, the more forms a thing can take.
Q2.
Are you aware of, or can you imagine, more uses for the sari?
Answer

Yes — an old sari almost never gets thrown away in an Indian home. Some more uses, several of which you will have seen yourself:

UseHow it is done
A cloth swing (jhula, thottil, uyyala)Tied between two ceiling hooks or two trees for a baby, indoors as well as out
A curtain or a room dividerStrung across a doorway or a window, giving privacy and cutting the glare
Straining and setting curd, or filtering waterA clean cotton sari is one of the oldest household filters
A carrying bundleThe four corners tied over vegetables, grain or firewood make an instant bag
Shade over a courtyard, or a temporary tent wallStretched between poles at a village function or a wedding
A quilt (kantha, godhadi)Several worn saris layered and run through with running stitch — a famous craft of Bengal and Maharashtra
Rope, sling or bandage in an emergencyTorn into strips; also used to lower a bucket into a well
Dusters, floor cloths, cot bedding, doll's clothesThe last stage in the life of the cloth, after which the threads may still go into a rag rug
Think about it: almost every use listed here is a form of reuse. A garment that is never cut to a fixed shape can be handed on, re-draped, layered or torn up without being spoiled — which makes the sari not only versatile but genuinely thrifty and eco-friendly. Ask an elder at home what the oldest sari in the house is being used for now; the answer is usually a surprise.
Q3.
Following the example of the sari, make a list of different styles you have seen for the dhoti — both as regards the fabric and the uses the dhoti can be put to. What conclusion can you draw?
Answer

The dhoti is the same idea as the sari: a plain unstitched length of cloth, worn by men in most parts of India, and known by a different name almost everywhere.

Part 1 — styles, names and fabrics.

Name and regionFabric usually usedHow it is worn
Dhoti — north IndiaWhite or cream cotton; silk for weddings and ritualsWrapped round the waist, pleated in front, one end drawn between the legs and tucked behind
Dhuti — West BengalFine cotton, often with a thin coloured borderBroad pleats fanned in front, worn with a kurta or panjabi
Dhotar — MaharashtraCotton, nine-yard lengthThe kachcha style, tucked at the back, which allows free movement
Veshti — Tamil NaduCotton, with a gold or coloured border (zari kara)Worn full-length, or folded up to knee height for work
Mundu — KeralaFine white cotton, often with a kasavu gold borderWrapped once round the waist; folded up in the same way for work
Panche / Kachche — KarnatakaCotton, sometimes silkWorn loose or in the tucked kachche style
Pancha — Andhra Pradesh, TelanganaCotton, often with a borderWrapped and tucked; the uttariyam cloth goes over the shoulder
Dhotiyu / Chorno — Gujarat, RajasthanCotton, sometimes tie-dyedWorn with a kediyu and a turban
Laacha / Tehmat — PunjabCotton, often checkedWrapped without the centre tuck, worn for bhangra and for fieldwork
Dhoti of the wrestler and the kabaddi playerStrong cotton, worn shortTucked tight and high so that the legs are completely free

Part 2 — uses beyond a garment. Like the sari, the dhoti gets pressed into other work: the loose end is used as a towel to wipe the face and hands, as a filter for water, as a bag to carry grain or fodder when the corners are knotted, as a fan in the heat, as a sheet to sit or sleep on, as a sling or bandage in an emergency, and as a rope when torn into strips. Folded up to the knee it becomes work clothing; let down to the ankle, the same cloth is formal dress for a temple or a wedding.

The conclusion you can draw.

One unstitched cloth
+ different fabrics, borders, lengths and ways of tying
+ different names in different States
= the same ‘unity in diversity’ pattern as the sari, in a completely different garment
Conclusion: this is a pattern in Indian life, not a one-off.
Why the same pattern shows up twice: both garments start from the simplest possible design — cloth, uncut. Because nothing is fixed by stitching, every region is free to choose its own fabric, border, length and drape without ever leaving the shared form. Diversity grows out of the unity rather than against it, which is exactly what the chapter is arguing.
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