NCERT Solutions Exploring Society: India and Beyond Chapter 7 Jainism — THINK ABOUT IT

Book page 118 Updated on2026-09-05

Q1.
In both Buddhism and Jainism, ahimsa means much more than refraining from physical violence against a person or an animal. It also means refraining from violence in thought, such as having ill feelings towards anyone. If we observe ourselves carefully, we may notice such negative thoughts and learn to turn them into positive ones. Sometimes such negative thoughts are even directed at ourselves!
Answer

Start with the word itself. The chapter has already told you, on page 113, that ahimsa is “generally translated as ‘non-violence’, but originally means ‘non-hurting’ or ‘non-injuring’”. That difference is the whole box. ‘Violence’ makes you think of a blow. ‘Hurting’ includes everything that leaves a mark on somebody — and a thought can do that.

LevelWhat it looks likeWho notices
Violence in actionHitting, pushing, hurting an animal, damaging what belongs to someoneEveryone
Violence in speechMocking, name-calling, spreading a rumour, cruel jokes, leaving someone out on purposeThe person it lands on
Violence in thoughtIll feelings, contempt, hoping someone fails, holding a grudge, deciding in advance that a whole group of people is badOnly you — which is exactly why the box asks you to “observe ourselves carefully”
Violence towards oneself“I am useless”, “I always spoil everything”, refusing to forgive yourself for a mistakeOften nobody at all

Why thought is treated as the root and not as a minor extra. Nobody hits a person they think well of. Ill feeling comes first; words follow; action follows words. If ahimsa is only a rule about hands, it has to be applied at the last possible moment, when the anger is already at full strength. Applied to thought, it works while the thing is still small.

How the box says to practise it — three steps, in order:

  1. Observe. Not fight, not deny — notice. “If we observe ourselves carefully, we may notice such negative thoughts.” Most of the time they run past unexamined.
  2. Turn them. The box does not say suppress; it says “learn to turn them into positive ones”. Instead of “he always shows off”, try “he answers quickly — I could learn that”. The energy is the same; the direction changes.
  3. Include yourself. “Sometimes such negative thoughts are even directed at ourselves!” The exclamation mark is the book's, and it is doing real work: it is easy to be gentle with everyone except the one person you cannot get away from.
The Buddhist half of the same point: “Conquering oneself is greater than conquering a thousand men on the battlefield a thousand times.” That saying is on page 113, and this box is its practical meaning. The battlefield the Buddha is talking about is not outside you.
Try this for one week: keep a two-column page. Left column — a negative thought you caught yourself having. Right column — the same situation written without the ill feeling. Do not write anyone's name. At the end of the week count how many entries are about other people and how many are about yourself. Most students are startled by the answer.
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