NCERT Solutions Curiosity Chapter 9 .1.1 Digestion in human beings — Science and Society

Book page 1239 Updated on2026-09-05

Q1.
Find out the ways our elders were maintaining oral hygiene.
Answer

Ask your grandparents and older neighbours, and note down what they used before toothpaste and brushes became common. Almost every part of India had its own method.

Traditional practiceWhat was usedWhy it worked
Datun (chewing stick)Fresh twig of neem, babool (kikar), banyan or mango, chewed at one end into a brushThe fibres clean the teeth like bristles; neem and babool have a bitter juice that checks germs
Manjan (tooth powder)Charcoal, burnt rice husk, salt, or salt mixed with mustard oil, rubbed with a fingerMildly gritty, so it rubs away food film; salt keeps the gums firm
Tongue cleaningA U-shaped copper or brass tongue scraper (jibhi)Removes the coating on the tongue that causes bad smell
Rinsing (kulla)Plain water, or lukewarm salt water, after every mealWashes away food bits before they can decay between the teeth
Oil pulling (gandusha / kaval)Swishing sesame or coconut oil in the mouthAn old Ayurvedic practice believed to keep the gums and mouth clean
Chewing after mealsFennel (saunf), clove, cardamomFreshens the breath and increases the flow of saliva

Sample answer: "My grandfather says that till he was about twenty he never used a toothbrush. Every morning he broke a fresh neem twig, chewed one end till it opened into a soft brush, and cleaned his teeth with it for several minutes. He scraped his tongue with a copper jibhi and rinsed his mouth with water after every meal. He still has most of his teeth at seventy."

Tip: old and new methods agree on the same three rules — clean the teeth twice a day, clean the tongue, and rinse the mouth after every meal.
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