NCERT Solutions Exploring Society: India and Beyond Chapter 1 Lokasangraha and stewardship — In-text Questions

Book page 19 Updated on2026-09-05

Q1.
The Bhagavad Gītā refers to lokasangraha, the idea that everyone must transcend personal desires and act for the wellbeing of all. Has the time come for us to consider this seriously?
Answer

Yes — and the chapter's own evidence is what makes the case, not the sentiment.

Every problem the chapter has described has the same shape. Each individual decision is reasonable on its own, and the sum of them is a loss for everybody:

  • A single farmer pumping a little more groundwater is acting sensibly for his crop. When every farmer does it, extraction outruns recharge and almost 80% of Punjab is classified ‘over-exploited' — and then no one can reach the water (page 14).
  • One commercial fleet taking a larger tuna catch loses nothing. When all of them do, the stock collapses and the fishery ends for all (page 6).
  • One factory saving the cost of treating its effluent gains. When many do, the river becomes poisonous and cannot support life (page 7).

That is precisely the gap lokasangraha addresses: it asks each person to weigh the wellbeing of all, including those downstream and those not yet born, and not only their own immediate desire.

Why the chapter thinks the timing is now: because the scale of use has changed. Page 12 notes that pollution, biodiversity loss and climate change have been taking place at an increased pace in recent years, and page 18 adds that access to even basic resources — water, clean air — is already unfair to some sections of society. When damage is slow and small, custom and habit are enough to contain it. When it is fast and large, a deliberate ethic is needed.

The chapter is not asking for a return to the past, and it does not pretend the idea is easy. Its own examples show what acting on it looks like in practice: Sikkim's farmers accepting five hard years of lower yields to reach a soil that would last; India sharing technology and finance for solar power with other countries through the International Solar Alliance rather than keeping it; communities that once stopped fishing in the spawning season. In each case someone accepted a smaller gain now for a larger, shared gain later.

Think about it: the honest counter-argument is that a poor household cannot afford to give up anything today for a benefit thirty years away. That is a fair objection — and it is why the chapter puts good governance beside individual restraint. Rules, prices and shared investment are what make the responsible choice affordable, so that stewardship does not fall hardest on those with the least.
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