NCERT Solutions Exploring Society: India and Beyond Chapter 2 The Mughals — THINK ABOUT IT

Book page 37 Updated on2026-09-05

Q1.
What strikes you in Babur's impressions of India? Discuss in groups.
Answer

Two things strike you at once: how mixed his opinion of India is, and how mixed the man himself is.

1. He dislikes the country and admires its wealth in the same breath. He was nostalgic about Central Asia and found India “a country of few charms”. Yet he also wrote: “Hindustan is a large country and has masses of gold and silver. … Through the rainy season, the air is remarkably fine, not to be surpassed for healthiness and charm. … There are countless artisans and workmen of every sort in Hindustan.” The chapter draws the obvious conclusion — “perhaps for the last reasons, especially India's wealth, he decided to stay and build his empire in India rather than return to Central Asia.” He stayed for what India had, not for what he felt about it.

2. What he notices tells you what kind of mind he had. Not fortresses and revenue alone, but birds — many of which he lists in some detail — fruit trees, architecture and poetry. That is an observant, curious writer. The Baburnama is valuable to historians precisely because he wrote down what interested him rather than only what flattered him.

3. And the same book records terrible things without apology. He was “a brutal and ruthless conqueror, slaughtering entire populations of cities, enslaving women and children, and taking pride in erecting ‘towers of skulls’ made from the slaughtered people of plundered cities.” The word to hold on to is pride. He is not confessing; he is recording an achievement.

Why this matters for reading history: it is tempting to sort people in the past into good and bad. Babur will not sort. The cultured man who counts birds and the conqueror who counts skulls are one person, writing one book. A history that keeps only the first is flattery; one that keeps only the second is a caricature. The honest account keeps both, and says so.
For your group: the chapter calls the Baburnama “a candid autobiography of great historical value”. Discuss what candid buys us and what it still does not. An autobiography is a first-hand source, but it is also written by someone who chose what to include, and who expected to be read. Ask: what would the people of the cities he plundered have written, and why do we not have it?
Was this helpful? Report an error